'Apush chapter Essay\r'

'To weak Could non levy taskes, had economic problems ca consumption social unrest Not loyal abundant to h previous(a) reconciles together Regulations adduce to postulate firm to leave care No uniform tax, assorted taxes in each deposit Rebellions with direct challenge to s perpetuallyalize of warfareds carnal kat onceledge for more internal presidency or hitherto a dictator station, unable to deal with national problems 2. American Manuf dissembleures- replace severalise tariffs with uniformly high-pitched national duty Merchants and shippers- single national policy not state-to-state policies Land\r\nSpeculators- treasured treat of Indians removed from their horse opera tracts People who owed m peerlessy-states to fall by the wayside issuing m superstary, which dispirited the assess of what they generated in payment Investors-in confederacy securities wanted the g everywherenment to fund the debt and thus enhance the value of their securities Large top ographic point owners- looked for ways to value against mobs (shays rebellion) 3. cause of the men at the Philadelphia arrangemental Convention creative activity fathers (all states except Rhode Is come to) 55, Young men, around 44 tho Franklin was advanced age Repre directed propertied occupy of the work outry\r\nFeared follies of democracy precisely suspicious of severe post majuscule was select leave, and Madison was well-nigh es directial. Provided the plan of Virginia that was used in establishing bracing institution. The tooshie of the study was made dark of Randolph’s (Virginia) excepted appraisal of supreme legislation, Executive and Judicial branches Franklin was also important, re chief(prenominal)ed calm, recounting the delegates if they failed they would despair of est. govt. by humankind wisdom, and leave it to probability of warned conquest. His cropd allow delegates to refuse to institute up and they came up with he abundant Compromise 4.\r\nMadison with the Virginia architectural plan that called for parvenue national legislation with 2 houses. In the spurn house states represented by creation. members of swiftness house elected by lower house. Was changed to amphetamine house to be elected by state g all overnment, each state then was given at to the lowest degree integrity member in amphetamine house. Paterson New Jersey Plan for a national official govt. with one legislation, each state equal bureau and gave congress-expanded mightinesss of tax and to regulate commerce (tabled by coition) little states needed in ratification.\r\nIt gave the upper house to be elected by state egislation giving least one member from each state in the upper house b. The convention was change integrity by Would states really be represented equally in upper house or would the larger states give birth more members large(p) compromise-states represented in the lower house on the basis of population the upper house, s tates would be represented equally with 2 members each Slavery being counted in taxation or population counts for the bureau. South Carolina wanted slaves to be considered property govt. evied taxes plainly wad in the head count for representation. Those in the north wanted the opposite of this. commodious compromise- each slave counted as three-fifths of a palliate person in determining taxation and representation Power to regulate trade effect cotton rescue, which relied on slavery and sales abroad Great compromise- not allowed to tax exports and forbidden to impose a duty more than 10 dollars a head on imported slaves and no authority to stop slave trade for twenty years 6.\r\n spit outs to bring through conceptionls of the revolution by eliminating disorder and content Effort to crest a salutary national govt. to use authority Under impact of business depression The weakness and ineptitude of national government The treats to American territories from Great Britain a nd Spain The inability of either congress or state govt. o make nice their debts The interstate Jealousies and barriers to trade Widespread use of inflation producing motif money Lawlessness that was Shays rebellion The timely credence of the makeup could save the young re humanity prepare to protect the economic care of dwelling elites conservativist business interest who feared that the de alter political building of re demesnely concern imperiled their financial position Economic reasons valued government able to promote industry and trade, protect private property and ake good on the national debt system was an economic document drawn from spl rarityid k bedfast by men whose property interest were at stake Articles could choose produced a lasting government Effort to protect individual freedom and to limit the power of the federal govt. Debate mingled with the federalist and antifederalist New constitution with bill of rights economical some(prenominal)er we re likely to back up the constitution; states that were stable and leisurely were likely to oppose it 7. Role of the branches in the Constitution Legislative- habitation of Representatives based on population rep. nd Senate based qual rep. each elected for different terms, and different ways to check power Judicial- protection from both executive and legislative, enounces and justices appointed by the death chair and then confirmed by the senate would serve for living Executive- chairperson power to veto acts of congress The federal government would divide power between state and nation (power in part from the people) to protect from the tranny of the people or the mob, and of excess of democracy (shays rebellion) Only digest of rep. elected in a flash by the people Senate, president and federal approximates would be isolated from ordinary . Who and what is the Federalist?\r\nCalled federalist because the term once used by opponents of centralisation Implying they were l ess committed to a nationalist government than in fact were Hamilton, Madison, Franklin, Washington, Jay important federalist Wrote federalist papers They were in truth wanted stronger central government to check power of masses 9. To get their views fall uponn, Madison, Hamilton, and Jay published federalist papers in the newspaper explaining the virtues and meaning of the constitution Concerned with public masses, waned govt. to function at some distance from public passion nd strong enough to act against threats to order and stability 10. Antifederalist concerns Recognized need for govt. moreover concerned in state or unvoiced power than dangers of popular will strange constitution because it placed obstacles between people and the exercise of power Name implied they had nothing to offer but underground and chaos Believed constitution would betray those principles est. trong, possible compulsory govt, that could increase taxes, obliterate states, wield dictoral powers, favor the upper- mob over common people and put an residue to individual liberty Biggest concern was lack of Bill of rights 1 1 . The process of ratification for the Constitution Ratified by 9 of 13 states would bring into being law Delaware, New Jersey, New Hampshire and Georgia validate fast (support) Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts more of a struggle Virginia and New York antifederalist feared the states commercialised-grade interest would suffer and would not ratify unless had the Bill of Rights (and did finally ratify) North Carolina waited to see what would happen to the amendments Rhode Island did not even participate (no support) 12. relation back continued work of the Constitutional Convention by..\r\nWas in charge of amendment to protect state powers, rest were to interpret basic rights Congress to ensure the number of supreme Court resolve to be appointed and the kinds of lower courts to be organized Made Judiciary spell of 1789- provided Supreme Court six members , Chief Justice and five associate Justices; 13 districts with one Judge apiece, and three circuit courts of appeal, with one district Judge Lastly congress gave finial decision in casing involving constitutionality of state laws to supreme court Created 3 departments or cabinets- state, treasury, and war 13. Washington s elections for cabinets Secretary of treasury- Hamilton Secretary of war- cosmopolitan Knox Attorney general- Randolph Secretary of State- Jefferson 14. 1750 differences in philosophy heats the debate about constitution -Caused by not work out problem but vague compromises Federalist Nation-state with strong govt. ith a centralized authority Complex commercial delivery Proud stand in world affairs Hamilton republicans Modest government Not highly tap or urban, but predominately rural and agrarian more or less power for people and state Madison and Jefferson 15. ken of society and politics by Hamilton and who should govern giving medication was he central mo st power, with centralized authority, a complex commercial economy, and standing in world affairs involve the support of the wealthy and sizeable Stable, effective govt. required enlightened ruling figure 16. Hamilton’s plan for paying the debt and restoring credit or federalist program To exchange certificates that congress issued for uniform, interest- bearing bonds, collectable at definite dates To assume over state debts, so states would look to central govt. or ultimate payment Did not want to pay off the debt but to create a large debt quondam(a) bonds being paid off, new ones issued created creditors-the wealthy class more ikely to lend money to the government and have permanent stake Sale of western lands main revenue Create national bank-provide loans and currency to business, give safe place to deposit federal funds, function collect taxes and disburse govt. expenditures, keep price of govt. bonds high through Judicial bonds, govt would have monopoly and appo int 1/5 of the directors Exercise paid by distillers for torrent liquors, falling heavily on the backcountry (Penn, VI, NC) where they converted give/rye crop to whiskey Other Wrote â€Å" bill on manufactures for stimulating growth of industry for a healthy oundation in manufacturing This appealed to wealthy, merchants or any compelling group 17. How the federalist programs were enacted and concord upon National bank, exercise tax on whiskey, tax on imports, federal govt. ill assume the national debt To pay bondholders themselves, not the pilot film lenders who had sold their bonds on their own accord Changed fix of nations capital to appease VI, who did not want to pay for states with larger debts; location is on Potomac River between Virginia and doc Argue that national bank was compatible with the imprisoned of the onstitution, even though it did not explicitly countenance it; senate, house, and Washington agreed to the bill with a ingest for 20 years Won passage of n ew tariff that raised rates Opposition and success Farmers opposed tariffs (were the vast mass) Madison, Randolph, and Jefferson against bank (republicans) Was a successes in that it won the support of influential segment of the population It restored public credit, bonds were selling abroad at or above values of other nations Speculators reaped large cyberspace Manufactures profited from the tariff, and merchants benefited from new banking carcass 8.\r\nRising in competition No policy in constitution about political parties (Washington warns against politics but some what supports federalist) Federalist now had an interested and overbearing majority (tyrannical) Enacted program that galore(postnominal) leaders opposed Est. national network of influence that embodied the worst features of a party utilize control of appointment and awarding govt. franchise To retort supporters and gain allies Local associations full of aristocrats standing in local communities Resembled corru pt British Needed vigorous opposition to balance the power (republican party) republican Party had partisan influence, every state make committees, societies, and caucuses Republic of smaller govt. Repub. orrespond across state lines and influencing state and local elections Both parties claimed to serve the greater good Neither would concede the right of the other exist The first party system 19. Jefferson and Madison rural republic Sturdy, independent farmer citizens Limited commercial activity, farmers would market in both national and international market for their goods Limited industry, with manufacturing capacities advanced industrial economy because of the number of property less workers Decentralized system Hamilton believed in a central govt. with large roles in commerce and foreign affairs of other countries. He believed in Enlightened class (wealthy), with a centralized authority and highly industrious 20.\r\n cut rotation creates differences (mod rule) Federalist hor rified by the event in which the monarchy was put to death Republicans applauded the democracy and anti-aristocratic spirit (even imitated French radicals) Federalist numerous in commercial centers of northeast and southern coast Republicans numerous in rural areas of South and West 21 . Washington underscored the difference between the Constitution and Articles of Confederation by exerting authority and using militia of 3 other states, to defeat the revolt against the whiskey discover tax. Instead of leaving the issue to Pennsylvania to deal with as they had done under the Articles of Confederation to give Massachusetts the power of dealing with Shays Rebellion. 22. By presentation the government’s new power in interfering in others affairs by destroying the whiskey rebellion it provoked the frontier people to be loyal by intimidation.\r\nBy accepting their territories as new states in the Union it won their loyalties. after Bill of Rights was added, North Carolina (1789) , Rhode Island (1790), New states were Vermont after NY and NH gave their claims up to it (1791), Kentucky when VI gave up claims (1792), and Tennessee (1796) after NC gave up rights to it Constitution did little to resolve Indian issues Article 1 excludes â€Å"Indians not taxed” from being counted in the population totals that determine # of seats states would receive in House Gave Congress power â€Å"to regulate Commerce with foreign nations, and among the several(prenominal) states, and with the Indian tribes” Article VI bound new govt. o respect treaties negotiated by the confederation, but did not clarify legal standing of natives It recognized mankind of ribes as legal entities, but not foreign nations Not citizens nor represented Constitution did not govern relations between whites and Indians over land No clear guide lines to rights of nation in a nation, that natives had sovereignty U. S. relationship with natives characterized by treaties 23. Difficulties during French war This tested U. S. disinterest in the involution Problem with French diplomat, genet Instead of Genet landing in Philadelphia to Washington, he went to Charleston, he planed to use American ports to outfit French warships, encourages American ship wners to become French privateers, and commissioned Clark on soldiers expedition against Spanish going against Washington and neutrality act Made Washington and federalist mad, tried to recall him but Genets party was out of power, so was sent to political asylum in U. S.\r\nRoyal peon starts seizing American ships sedulous in hatful with French in West Indies Hamilton feared war would end imports from England, which was most of the revenue for maintaining his financial system Did not want new Secretary of State, Randolph (pro-French) to negotiate and persuaded Washington to send John Jay to ecure compensation for recent British assaults on American shipping, to demand withdrawal of British forces from the frontier posts, and to negotiate a new commercial treaty No war, the Jay treaty-developed undisputed American sovereignty over entire Northwest, and produced commercial relationship with Britain Opposed by republicans and some federalist and created public denunciations, but ratified 25. Relations with Spain Jays treaty caused Spain to fear Americans and British would core and challenge Spain’s possessions Pinckney treaty-Spain recognizes the right of American of the multiple sclerosis River to New Orleans to reloading on oceangoing ships, agreed to fix Florida’s boundary to 31 parallel, and for Spanish to prevent Indians in Florida from launching attacks 26. Presidents election of 1796 and transport Hamilton had too many enemies but Adam was directly associated with none of the unpopular Federalist measures 27.\r\nAdministrating a Federalist President and Republican Vice President Fierce factional rivalries, Hamilton successful Pinckney, Adams trail mate Pinckney’s supporters declined to vote for Adams, and he manipulate to beat Jefferson by 3 votes, ut a still larger number of Adams supporters declined to vote for Pinckney, Jefferson was aid in balloting and became Vice President Adams fictional presidency under inauspicious circumstances, he presided over divided party which faced a strong and resourceful Republican opposition committed to its liquidation Hamilton remains most influential Federalist, and Adams never challenged him effectively Adams was talented statesmen, not talented at conciliating differences, soliciting support, or inspiring enthusiasm Assumed own virtual(prenominal) correctness would sustain him, even if usually ruin 28. Quasi war American relations with Great Britain and Spain improved with the Jay and Pinckney Treaty, but France alliance deteriorated and started capturing American ships over seas, sometimes imprisoning the crew Pinckney arrived in France and the governor refused to receive him as an official rep resentative of the U. S. Many of Adams advisers favored war like Secretary of State, Thomas Pickering but Hamilton recommended conciliation and Adams agreed in an effort to modify relations Adams appointed a bipartisan- with Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to negotiate with France, capital of France in 1797. agents of French foreign minister Prince Talleyrand emanded a loan for France and a bribe for French officials ahead any negotiation the French insults and urging zeal for war to Congress When Adams turned in the breed of the American commissions over to Congress after deleting the name calling of the 3 French agents and named them â€Å"Messrs. X, Y, and Z” it created outrage against France and strong support from the Federalist in response to the XYZ affair- creating an undeclared war Congress was persuaded to cut off trade with France, to recant the treaties of 1776, and to authorize American vessels to capture French gird ships over seas 1798, Congress created a Dep. f hacker and appropriated money for the construction of new warships (thus winning duels against the French) American became a virtual ally of the British Adams sent a new commission to Paris in 1800 and the new French govt. agreed to a treaty, that canceled the old agreement of 1778 and est. ew commerce arrangement The war ends peacefully and the U. S. frees it self from entanglements of the French alliance 29. foreign and Sedation Acts Alien Act- placed new obstacles in the way of foreigners who wished to become American citizens, and strengthened the presidents evanesce in dealing with them Sedation act-allowed govt. to prosecute those engaged in sedition against the govt. , libelous or faithless activities were prosecuted, and the law made it possible for the federal govt. to conflict any oppression This acts were enacted to silence Republican opposition, the drugging act meant that govt. could arrest and convict Republic newspaper, whose except crime was criticizing the federalist 30.\r\nVirginia and Kentucky resolution Republican leaders hoped the lapse of Alien and Sedation Act on the state legislature because of the Acts opposition against Republicans The republicans laid ut a theory for state accusation, one by Jefferson, called the Kentucky resolution, adopted by Kentucky legislator and the other by Madison, called the Virginia resolution canonic by Virginia legislature Both resolutions used idea of John Locke to argue that the federal govt. had been formed by a compact among the states and possessed only original delegate powers, whenever it exercised any undelegate powers like the acts they were unauthorized and the state had right to nullify the appropriate law This revealed temper toward policies that the Government assed, exercising more power than ever before and using power to benefit one party Even if the Republicans did not get support for nullification, they succeeded in elevating their dispute to national level (nation beca me divided politically resulting many arguments) 31 .\r\nIssue of 1800 election Issue of nation very divided politically resulting in one of the most ugliest elections in American history with Mudslinging Jefferson accused of too radical, having wild chase would bring terror comparable to the French renewal and his romantic involvement with a slave women Adams was portray as a tyrant conspiring to ecome king, and that the federalist were plotting to subvert human liberty and society, republicans carried the city by vast majority and Jefferson was elected but the constitution called for each elector to â€Å"vote by ballot for two persons” and they had an elector imbibe one vote for his party’s presidential candidate and another for the Vice President. To revoke a tie between Jefferson and Burr, the Republicans had intended for one elector to refrain from voting for Burr but both candidates tied any ways with 73.\r\nThe House of Representatives had to choose; eac h state delegate would cast a single vote. The new Congress had an republican majority but would not hold mogul till after the president was inaugurated, so it was up to the Federalist. Hamilton concluded that Burr was too unreliable and Jefferson was elected 32. Adams reaction in losing the presidency He took stairs to make the party’s hold on the courts secure By the Judiciary Act of 1801 , Federalist minify the number of Supreme Court justiceships by one and increased the number of federal Judgeships as a whole Adams appointed Federalist to the newly created position and in â€Å"midnight appointments” stayed up till midnight signing the new Judges commission\r\n'