Evidence about the asteroid theory

bear witness ab bug out the star-shaped speculation inst each(prenominal)ationThe purpose of the case study is to investig meet Did a meteorite make the dinosaurs extinct.These theories are not exactly been justified. It is an unsolved mystery nobody knows the reason and what caused the dinosaurs to manufacture extinct.A meteorite is a body of matter that reaches the earths surface because it has not been heated up by friction with the automated teller machine. It is made up of iron, stone or a mixture of both. Most meteorites are made as deuce angulates are collided with each other or fragments of asteroids and comets. asteroids are medium size rocks that orbit the sunlight Asteroids can be sm altogetherer than one-mile to al well-nigh 600 miles. on that point are m some(prenominal) asteroids in our solar system. The asteroid belt was created when the solar system was formed and the asteroid belt is made from a overcloud of dust, ice and gas. The land orbits the sun. T he earth meets objects in space like dust or bits of rock broken rack up from asteroids. By the end of the cretaceous period 50% of both living things on Earth and in sea were wiped out. Dinosaurs had been living on the earth about 230 cardinal pine time ago and they became extinct closely 65million yearsago.Their liquidation hasconfused scientistsforyears. It affected plant and animals on region and in water. Somescientistsbelievethatdinosaursdiedinallatonce,inamass extinction. A bangingasteroidorcometcrashedintoEarthandchangedtheclimate. Anincreaseinvolcanicactivitycausedashand dust whichblockedthesun. Diseaseswipedoutentirepopulationsofdinosaurs. Asevereiceagecould peechangedtemperaturesandfrozenalotofEarthswater. The derive of earths oxygen could have dropped which caused suffocation to the dinosaurs. Mammals came that ate dinosaur eggs. An exploding start supernova could have killed the dinosaurs.Any of these theories could have been responsible for the extinction of din osaurs none of these theories have been proven. The hypothesis which has the most turn out and has been approved by most of the geologists and scientist is the Asteroid theory.Scientific TheoriesThere are two sheaths of extinction theories dawdling extinction and catastrophic extinction. Gradual extinction would have been like the changes in the earths climate. It could also have been because new animals achieved in the struggle and coped with all the laboriousies modeling mammals, etc. possibility explained that mammals ate dinosaurs eggs. Catastrophic extinction would have caused the dying of the dinosaurs suddenly, such as an asteroid hitting the earth, or the eruption of volcanoes make sudden death.There were many theories to show how the dinosaurs were wiped out. The theories are not been say yet. The most accepted theory is the Asteroid Theory. The offshoot people who bring this theory were Luis and Walter Alvarez in 1980. This theory explains that an asteroid hit o r collided with the Earth nearly 65 million years ago and this collision would have given off so much dust into the environment that the sun rays would not be able-bodied to enter or shine and plants and animals would die. The rubble in the atmosphere would have obstructed the sun for a desire time causing changes in temperature the temperature would get caller and caused severe recess to photosynthesis. Dinosaurs could not adapt to the changes in climate the occurred from this huge collision and and so they were not able to survive. Because plants energy comes from the sun, they would probably be affected first by the changes in climate. Even though having this much support to the evidence a few geologists did not believe in the Asteroid Theory and asked to show the volcanic crater where the meteorite must have fallen but the crater had buried in sediment.The elements were left behind in lots of amounts in the K-T layer where the collision happened. The impact would have als o created forest fires and long term environmental changes. The speed of the asteroid would have been 100,000 kilometres per hour approximately. some other theory that shows how the dinosaurs were wiped off is volcanic theory. The consequences of volcanic activity could have caused so much ash and gasses added to the atmosphere which whence blocked sunlight and creating difficult conditions for dinosaurs. The level of volcanic activity would also have given off greenhouse gasses which increased the Earths temperature.It has also been suggested that a disease killed off the dinosaurs. A very dangerous disease may have spread among all the dinosaurs causing them to become extinct. A disease might have wiped out all the dinosaurs if they had no cure, but the disease wouldnt kill off all the plants all around the earth.Another theory is that the dinosaurs died during an ice age. During this time periods, temperatures drop, cooler temperatures may have killed all the plants and dinosau rs. Scientists have not found any evidence of an ice age that could have happened during the life of the dinosaurs.A supernova explodes with jackpot energy and can keep our sun burning for billions of years. A supernova is a star that gives off large volumes of energy. The chance of a supernova to occur is nearly one in a million. The increased amount of radiation from a supernova could have affected the Earths ozone layer.Effects on Marine LifeThe amount of oxygen in the seas would have decreased. Many sea creatures would have died because of the wreck of the food chain. There could have been an increase of acid rain. The Asteroid effected species both on sea and land.Deflecting a meteoriteTo collision can sole(prenominal) be avoided if we move the meteorite away or if the meteorite can split into low-spirited pieces so that they can burn up in the atmosphere by friction. The often move around very fast which makes it difficult to stoop it. If the meteorite is broken you woul d expect to get many small rocks intead of a large meteorite, but some of the small rocks may brun up in the atmosphere which is better than having a larger meteorite hitting the earth and causing problemsA graph to explain the extinction, climate and the amount of atomic number 77The climate is popular at the start of the Cretaceous period but during the end it in the end decreases and shows the evidence that climate change might have also caused the extinction. caller temperatures may have caused problems like the sunlight would not be able to shine. The dust from the asteroid would have blocked the sun.The mass extinction shows the defy of the dinosaurs almost towards the end of the Cretaceous period and by the beginning of the 3rd period all of the dinosaurs had vanished.The KT boundary sediments has high amount of element iridium shown, which is common in foreigner material.Extraterrestrial material is a type of material or object that has fallen out of the Earth or its atmosphere and falls onto the planet. The page will explain the evidence about the two most proved theory.Evidence about the asteroid theory The evidence to explain the asteroid theory is that a crater was then found at around 1990, 150 miles in diameter named the Chicxulub crater which is located on the Yucatan peninsula. The crater was about 120 mile gigantic or across and 1 mile deep. Seismic monitoring equipment which is knowing to hunt for oil discovered the huge crater. The iridium layer is what threesome the Alvarez team to blame an asteroid collision for the extinction asteroids and other extraterrestrial bodies are enriched with high amounts of iridium than the Earths crust The asteroid theory has gained to a greater extent evidence than any other of the theoriesEvidence against Asteroid theoryThe Asteroid theory has proved more evidence than any other theory there is still a problem with the theory. Paleontologists have to find dinosaurs fossils link to the time perio d of the impact and some evidence explains that dinosaurs might have already been extinct before this impact. Actually dinosaurs had been declining slowly before the asteroid hit the earth. There have been a lot of mass extinctions in the past history and many large asteroid collisions. Even though there have been many of these collisions they havent caused mass extinctions all around the world. The asteroid theory is still the most powerful theory to provide reasons for the extinction of the dinosaurs. Some scientist believe this impact did not cause the extinction of all the dinosaurs and other creatures, there could have been two or more collisions.Evidence to volcanic activityThe dinosaurs could have died because of a volcano. A research explains that a volcano erupted in India. The researcher said Now we find that another(prenominal) catastrophe, which is Deccan Volcanism, which has not had much attention paid to it, may be the trustworthy culprit. Volcanic eruptions on Indias Deccan plateau between 63 and 67 million years ago spewed huge amounts of sulfur dioxide into the air for around 10,000 years

Effect of Low Income School on Parent Involvement Article

exploit of Low Income School on Pargonnt amour Article(Smith 2006, p. 43) in her hold has tried to measure the impact of strategies undertaken to involve pargonnt in child educational activity at a junior-grade income tutor employ qualitative investigate methods.Aims of ArticleThe primary(prenominal) aims of this article are to mend how a pathetic-income inform defines intentional promoteal involvement strategiesDefine cause of those strategiesThe MethodologyThe above article is do as a qualitative look. soft research is done to gain a deep ground of a specific event, rather than a description of a declamatory sample of a population. It is also called ethnomethodology or field research. It helps create schooling about human groups in social settings. Qualitative research aims to furnish a better see to iting of a phenomenon through experience, correct reporting, and quotations of au thereforetic conversations. It aims to provide an understanding about how parti cipants tend to interpret their surroundings, and how their interpretations influence their behaviors.The main methodology for conducting this research was conducting a drive at a small(a) income school whose new structure was replacing an outdated structure in 2002. During the planning stage of the school friendship members, parents and agency professionals were involved in bob upment of the new school structure to cater for the require of pocket-size income families and of programs to involve parents in students education at the school. The efforts were then measured exploitation qualitative information collection methods such(prenominal) as participant observation, interviews and history reviews.Participant observation is a period of intensive social interaction between the researcher and the subjects, in the latter&aposs environment. It becomes the full-time stage business of the researcher. Participant observers are trained in techniques of observation, which disting uishes them from regular participants.Interviewing is one of the roughly commonly used methods for conference data in qualitative research. Qualitative interviewing is usually different from numerical interviewing in a number of ways.Interviewing tends to be much less structured in qualitative research. In decimal research, interviews are usually kept much more structured in order to provide a valid measurement of key concepts that gouge answer some specific research questions.In qualitative interviewing, deviating is advance to give insight into what the interviewee sees as important. This is however discouraged in denary research.In qualitative interviewing, interviewers can significantly change the schedule and charter of the interview.In qualitative interviewing, The questions of interview get detailed answers in quantitative research the interview generates answers that can be summonsed and statistically analyse quickly.Researchers supplement qualitative research meth ods such as interviewing and observation with gathering and analyzing documents produced specifically for the research at hand . As such, the review of documents is an obscure method, rich in portraying the values and beliefs of participants in the setting.Sampling was done using snowball take technique. A snowball sample is anon- opportunity try out techniquethat is appropriate to use in research when the members of a population are difficult to locate. A snowball sample is a sample in which the researcher collects data from the few members of the target population they can take a chance, then they ask those members from whom the data is collected to provide information on the spatial relation of other members of that population whom they know.Snowball sampling merely leads to a exemplification sample, but sometimes it may be the best option available. For instance, if you are studying people smoking ganja, you are not likely to find a refer of all the people smoking cann abis in your city. However, if you identify one or devil people smoking cannabis that are willing to participate in your study, it is likely that they know other cannabis smoking people in their area. However snowball sampling can be avoided if data about something is readily available.Source http//www.northumbria.ac.uk/ silent/images/schoolimages/ar_images/cetl/gilldavisondiagram1.jpgThe SettingThe setting for this research was Clark chief(a) School which was situated beside a city park in a small union touch by large industrial complexes. Most of the residents in neighborhood were low income. During the 2003-2004 school year, 5% of the students were American Indian, 3% of the students were Asian, 7% were Black, 19% were Hispanic, and 67% were White. According to the Clark Elementary School website, as of October 1, 2003, the languages spoken were 79% English, 11% Spanish, 6% Russian, 3% Ukrainian, 1% Vietnamese, and 2% other.In 1998 the territorial dominion began to relieve oneself a new school in order to replace the grizzly one. A advisory group was formed consisting of members from community organizations, government agencies, the topical anesthetic church, the neighborhood association, the Clark Parent Teacher Organization (PTO), educators from Elementary School, and school district personnel to provide gossip for development of new school. The school was at last completed in 2002.Data CollectionThis research was qualitative in nature. Data was collected from the participants in three waysObservationInterviews enumeration ReviewsObservationThe author acted like a participant observer for onwards and after school programs, Read and play programs and awards assembly to which all families had been invited.Interviews Semi-structured, open-ended interviews were conducted with educators, family workers, and parents from Clark Elementary School. 4 administrators were interviewed including the principal, the district consultant, The family Liaison coo rdinator and the Family Services coordinator. 6 teachers were interviewed, 6 parents were interviewed. For interviews snowball sampling was used.Sourcehttp//www.featurepics.com/FI/Thumb300/20090704/Interview-1236952.jpgDocument Reviews Documents reviewed pertained mostly to the development process for the new school. All materials collected during the design process were examined and all references to the school in the local paper were reviewed. In addition, the school website and monthly newsletters were reviewed. computer addresshttp//blogs.adobe.com/acrolaw/files/2011/01/00_quick_review_illustration.pngFindingsA Foundation of Understanding Since the school architecture and its programs were developed holding the opinions of the communities, parents and members of community associations. After the school opened teachers and staff were made to understand the life circumstances of school families. This helped teachers understand parents more and reduced the probability of teachers blaming parents when their children faced academic difficulties and instead has increased the desire for teachers to assist the children.A Broad Definition A definition of parental involvement emerged at the school which recognized a wide array of behaviors of involvement such as receipt of social serve or picking up food or habit at Family Resource centre. These behaviors also include the learning activities families engaged in while at home.Creating Intentional enatic Involvement Strategies The intentional parental involvement strategies were intentional in two distinct waysStrategies to Provide Services During initial meetings after considering the take of neighborhood families it was decided to make the school in a community center style so as to provide services for low income families. The family resource center in the school helped connect parents with the various activities in school and also provide them with m some(prenominal) facilities including computers, free foo d and clothing provided by government agencies.Strategies to Enhance Parental Involvement The Clark Committee had designed parental involvement plans based on broad definition of parent involvement and on foundation of understanding. These strategies included inviting parents to school conferences, family nights and access resources offered by Family Resource Centers. All these services were found to spend a penny a verificatory impact of parent involvement and hence positively impacted Clark Elementary School.Benefits of Parental Involvement Interviewers described better parent involvement star to academic success. Teachers found that students were more motivated and had better self office as a result of parent involvement. Parents also were found to consent other benefits of involvement other than academic ones and they could feel themselves part of a community.RecommendationsFollowing things are recommended in this studyIn order to develop strategies for parent involvement i n low income schools it would be better to gossip the advice of neighbors and interested agency representatives in order to understand the lives of people the school shall serve.If we can get a clear understanding of the lives of their school families, we ought to kick upstairs definition of parental involvement which would acknowledge a wide list of parental behaviors that lead to academic success.Educators serving low-income populations moldiness consider pass services to the families of their students, thereby bringing parents into the school buildings. Full-service schools can provide services based on the understanding of the needs of the neighborhood, intended to meet the needs of low-income school families.Educators should invite the input and participation of community agencies, businesses, and faith-based groups in any efforts to meet the needs of school families. Offering the opportunity to provide input can encourage them to own the process and make them have a long te rm participation in the processEducators need to make that parents may not choose to be involved in education in commonly accepted ways.ConclusionThe main point of the article is that a better understanding of the community needs is a must for forming a better definition of parent involvement for the community. Hence, Educators working in low-income communities need a willingness to learn about their student populations and a spunky degree of commitment to school families in order to better reflect parent involvement strategies in schools. The author has used qualitative research methods to show a relationship between better understanding of the community by the school for introducing steps to increase parent involvement at the college. However, the main problem lies here in the sampling for interviews. Here snowball sampling is being used. This should have been avoided as snowball samples are hardly representatives of target populations and are just used for exploratory purposes . Since data for teachers and parents could have been made available by the school I this case, Using that data could have lead to a better sample could have been brisk that would have been more representative of the population at hand. As it stands the study can be considered a good starting point of research for introducing steps for parent involvement in low income schools.BibliographySmith, J. G. (2006). Parental Involvement in Education Among Low-Income Families A Case Study. School Community diary , 43.

Literature review on learning styles

literature review on culture tendencysChapter 2 Literature review on training ways2.1 Background of skill styles eruditeness styles pose water received bulky attention in recent years. There ar to a greater extent than 20 style dimensions that acquire been identified so far. It has come out of the more(prenominal) general research on cognitive styles, particularly from the electron orbit of psychology. The earlier and frequently discussed dimension of acquire styles is the purpose of field dependence and field independence that is advocated by psychologist Herman Witkin. Recent researchers, such as Lardner (1989), Reid(1995), Nam Oxford (1998), Bailey Onwuegbuzie (2000), Malinsky (2001), Ehrman Leaver (2003), Decapua Wintergerst (2005), have contri neverthelessed greatly to the increment of cracking style theories.Kolbs (1976) experiential subscribeing possibility is prevalent in educational settings, because his surmisal explains more about the commandment a nd acquire ferment (Cited by Reid, 1995). Many researchers and instructors have adopted his theory and applied it into opposite educational beas. The about important thing is that he has proposed four student types on the basis of his schooling theories. And the four filler types are converger, diverger, assimilator, and accommodator.Claxton and Murrell (1987) use an onion metaphor to describe the multi-constructs of encyclopaedism styles (Cited by Eliason, 1995). The multi-constructs of study styles are compared as the layers of an onion. The core is composed of personality characteristics, then(prenominal) from insideto outside, the layers are sequentially information-processing the second layer, hearty interaction the third layer, and instructional layer the fourth and the outermost layer. The core is the mostm constant and stable part, but the successive layers around it tin can be slightly changed to some extent.Reid (1995) divides the eruditeness-style researche s into triplet major categories cognitive discipline styles, sensory acquisition styles, and personality styles. cognitive eruditeness styles, according to her introduction, include field-independent and field-dependent influenceing styles, analytic. and global let oning styles, thoughtful and impulsive styles, and Kolbs Experiential Model. Sensory learning styles consist of perceptual learning styles and environmental learning styles. Personality learning styles are made up of Myers-Briggs Temperament styles, tolerance of ambiguity styles, right and left hemisphere styles. travel Rayner (1998) just discuss and describe the two basic dimensions of cognitive styles, including wholist-analytic and verbal-imagery styles. The wholist-analytic style students tend to organize information into wholes or parts, while verbal-imagery style learners are inclined to represent information during thinking verbally or in mental pictures.It is inevitable that diverse assessment instruments of learning styles exist. It is rough to specify a comprehensive assessment instrument because of the complex nature of learning styles. The majority of the assessment instruments are only to measure iodine or two dimensions of learning styles. For instance, OBriens (1990) learnedness Channel Preference Checklist (LCPC) and Reids (1984) Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSP) are instruments just to measure perceptual learning styles, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) measures personality traits, such as extr everywheresion-introversion, sensing-perception and the analogous, andOxfords (1993) Style epitome Survey (SAS) is relatively multi-dimensional and includes learning styles, such as perceptual learning styles, extroverted and introverted learning styles, cover and sequential learning styles and so on. In this study, we mainly guidance on perceptual learning style orientation course because it is one of the most obvious aspects of learning styles. Ro ssi-le (1989) refers to it as an individuals pet mode for perceiving, organizing, and retaining information. Reids (1984) Perceptual Learning Style Preference Questionnaire (PLSP) is used in this study, because of her high reliability and validity for non-native speakers. It measures six types of perceptual learning styles, including visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, individual, and multitude learning styles. Each of the learning styles possesses unique learning characteristics. Visual-style learners like to learn done eyes. For example, they prefer to obtain information through reading, computers, TV, and bulletin boards. Students of auditory learning styles rely heavily on listening or talk of the town they remember what you say. Tactile-style and kinesthetic-style learners like to learn through touching or moving and prefer to obtain information from audio tapes, lectures, class discussions, field trips, and role-plays. Individual-style learners learn best when they w ork alone, which contrasts strongly to group-style learners who learn effectively when work with early(a) students or peers. It is evident that all learners have individual attributes relating to their own learning process and learn differently because of their bio sensible and psychological differences.2.2 Definitions of styles and learning stylesThe concept of style has existed in literature for approximately a century. It can be dated back to a description of personality in untainted Greek literature about the ancient classification of temperament and human body created by Hippocrates (Riding Rayer, 1998). Styles are the words used to describe differences among battalion. They are the general, encompassing approaches a person uses to learn or to solve a problem. brownish (1994) defines it as consistent and rather enduring tendencies or preference deep down an individual. Generally speaking, styles are an individuals habitual patterns or best-loved ways of doing something that preserve consistent over a long period of time.Learning styles lead up from the concept of style. There is a lack of concept agreement over the basic terminology. The term has been used in various and sometimes enigmatic ways in the literature, often interchangeably with the terms of cognitive styles, affectional styles, or learning strategies. Cognitive styles and affective styles are only sub-constructs of learning styles and learning styles are more comprehensive. Cognitive styles are often referred to as an individuals preferred and habitual approach to organize and represent information. Its important dimensions are field-dependent and field independent, leveling and sharpening, holist and serialist, impulsive and reflective, and abstract and concrete etc. affectional styles are usually related to an individuals emotional states, including self-esteem, inhibition, risk-taking and anxiety and the like. Learning styles are constant and innate and hard to be changed, w hereas learning strategies can be learned and consciously applied in different learning situations.Learning strategies are specific procedures or techniques a person consciously uses in solving a problem or in working through an assignment. Literature on interpretations of learning styles is also rich and diverse. Different researchers accent on different aspects of learning styles when rendering the definitions. Keefe (1979) defines learning styles as the cognitive, affective and physiological behaviors that serve as relatively stable indicators of how learners distinguish, interact with, and act to the learning environment (Cited by Eliss, 1994). Reid (1995) holds the view that learning styles are an individuals natural, habitual, and preferred way(s) of absorbing, processing, and retaining new information and skills. It is difficult to find an overall and comprehensive definition of learning styles, but similarities can be concluded from these definitions that the characteris tics of consistency and persistence are the core of all the learning style definitions.2.3 Models of learning stylesFor researchers, it is difficult to propose a comprehensive learning case that encompasses all dimensions of learning styles. Thus the majority of learning style flummoxs focus on one or two aspects. In the adjacent part, only two learning style models are introduced and elaborated because of their great popularity in research field.2.3.1 The Dunn and Dunn learning-style modelCompared with other learning-style approaches, the Dunn and Dunn learning-style model encompasses greater comprehensiveness and consistent effectiveness. According to Dunn and Dunn (1993), learning style is the way that students begin to concentrate on, process, internalize, and remember new and difficult academic information and is composed of both biological and developmental characteristics that make the identical instructional environments, methods, and resources effective for some learner s and ineffective for others (Cited by Dunn and Griggs, 2000).In this model, the Dunns describe learning style as the ways to affect an individuals abilities to nobleman new and difficult academic information or skills. 21 elements have been identified in this model and are classified into five categories of learning stimuli.(1) Environmental. The elements are sound, light, temperature, and design. Part of an individuals learning style depends on his or her preference regarding sound versus silence, bright versus soft lighting, warm versus cool temperatures, and formal versus cosy seating.(2) Emotional. These elements are motivation, persistence, responsibility (conformity versus nonconformity), and preference for structure versus choice.(3) Sociological. These elements describe the group in which a student prefers to learn, such as whether to learn alone, with peers, or with both a collegial or authoritative adult, andlor in a pastiche of ways as opposed to patterns or routines .(4) Physiological. These elements include perceptual strengths like auditory, visual, tactual, and kinesthetic skills time-of-day energy levels intake (snacking while concentrating) and mobility unavoidablenesss.(5) Psychological. These elements describe the way in which a student processes information. For example, analytic students focus on facts or dilate in step-by-step fashion.Gradually the facts build up to an understanding. Conversely, global students need to understand how they are learning relating to them and their lives before they can begin to focus on facts.Also, analytic students respond to printed words and numbers, whereas global students respond mend to illustrations and pictures (Searson, R., Dunn, R., 2001).In summary, Dunn and Griggs (2000) explain the theoretical base towards the Dunn and Dunn Learning-Style Model as follows1. virtually individuals can learn.2. Instructional environments, resources, and approaches respond to diverse learning-style strength s.3. Everyone has strengths, but different flock have very different strengths.4. Individual instructional preference exists and can be measured reliably (Burke, Guastello et al.,1999/2000).5. Given responsive environments, resources, and approaches, students attain statistically higher achievement- and attitude-test scores in congruent, rather than in incongruent, treatments ( Dunn Dunn, 1992, 1993 Dunn, Dunn, Perrin, 1994 Dunn, Griggs et al., 1995) they also pretend better in style-responsive environments (Oberer, 1999).6. Teachers can learn to use learning styles as a cornerstone of their instruction ( Dunn DeBello, 1999).7. Students can learn to capitalize on their learning-style strengths when concentrating on new and difficult information (P. Roberts, 1999 Schiering, 1999).2.3.2 Kolbs learning style modelKolbs learning style model has attracted considerable interest since the mid-1970s and has greatly contributed to the development of learning style theories. Kolb remarks that learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the work shift of take (Cited by Riding Rayer, 1998). Learning style is described by Kolb (1976) as the individuals preferred method for assimilating information and makes learners actively enquire in the learning process.Hauer, Straub and Wolf (2005) state that Kolbs theory of learning is found on Deweys emphasis on the need for learning in experience on Kurt Lewins work which stresses the importance of a persons active learning and put-on Piagets theory of intelligence which explains the interaction between the person and the environment.According to Kolb, the learning model comprises two independent dimensions perception and process. The first dimension involves concrete experiences and abstract conceptualization, and the second includes active experimentation and reflective observation. Perception reflects how individuals perceive information. For example, abstract learners comprehend information conceptuall y and analytically, whereas concrete learners learn most effectively through specific learning experiences. Processing describes how individuals process information. ready learners, for instance, learn primarily by manipulating the environment, while reflective individuals typically learn by introspection and internal reflection on the external world.The learning model of two dimensions can be further classified into the following four learner typesConverger (Common sense learner) these students perceive information abstractly and learn through active experimentation. They are best at finding practical(a)(a) uses for ideas and theories. They prefer activities, such as small-group discussions, classroom participation, and computer use. Their darling scruple is How does this work?.Diverger (Innovative learner) these students learn better when they are able to perceive concretely and to process reflectively. They like to do things by themselves and have good imaginative abilities. They are interested in people and culture, and tend to be social learners. Brain-storming and lectures are their favorite activities. They usually bear the question Why do I need to learn this? in their minds. Assimilator (Analytic learner) these students learn more effectively when they are able to perceive abstractly and to process reflectively. They are good at putting the separate information into a logical organization and enjoy theoretical reading. They are more interested in facts and important things. They are more used to traditional classroom learning. Their favorite question is What do I need to learn?.Accommodator (Dynamic learner) these students learn more effectively when they are able to perceive concretely and to process actively. They are good at hands-on experience and like to consort their learning into the context of real world. They like activities of risk-taking, presentations, debates, and group discussions, but despise authority figures. They always hold t he question like What if?.The four learner types can be summarized briefly as below accommodators are people who learn primarily from hands-on experience rather than from logical compend divergers are best at viewing concrete situations from many different points of view assimilators are best at organizing information into a telegraphic and logical form convergers are best at finding practical use for ideas and theories.

What Is The Effect Of Mcdonalds On Society Cultural Studies Essay

What Is The Effect Of Mcdonalds On Society Cultural Studies EssayMost prominent changes came with the arrival of luxuriant sustenancerestaurants correspondingMcDonalds into foreign countries, transformational have taken set which could be clearly as favorable or undignified to that enculturation. There argon 1.5 million franchises in the US but thither ar near half of the total franchises be outside of the U.S. in over cxx countries. All the reputation and destiny of McDonalds, there are fear approximately how the broaden of standardization of the franchise is affecting subtlety, manner and the environment. In fact, the McDonalds has proved to the local culture to adopt their culture. The globalization of McDonalds creates some(prenominal) argues on evenly both sides of the issue. The pro- globalization hopes are that it develops culture quite a than ruin. .McDonald does equivalentwise interpolate its regional menus to proof to local taste. There has been a effect of traditionalistic values with the arrival of nontraditional viands items into the culture of foreign countries. The kinds of regimen items are representative to particular regions, religions and society. To give an example, Indian Hindus and Sri Lankan Buddhist quite a little, believes that the frighten is to be holy to their religion. Diversity can be originated in Indias feed and its culture. McDonalds is viewed as American and the society away from conventional fodders towards tumultuous victuals is measured to be Americanizationof the diet. This perception has more far attainment effects than is bewitchn on the surface. The Americanization of the intellectual nourishment also shows that the culture and a way of opinion which in not acceptable to many states.Although they have done many changes in the eating habits of the nations influenced by the culture of McDonalds there has been many commanding aspects. With the development of technology and communication the wo rld it seems to be moving unwaveringer. The opening of fast food into foreign cultures all(a)ows the opportunity to keep up with this fast development. Culture is ever changing and thus McDonalds moving to another measure in the growth of culture with the changes. Now the menu has given people a new choice over the traditional foods eaten in the past.Strategies of McDonaldsThe companys magnate to determine what consumers want and need and adapt to that is a major schema they are using agree to the culture differences of countries.Another bully McDonalds scheme is, such as the delivery service offers even though in crowded cities such as Shanghai. Not lonesome(prenominal) does the company concord more sales by catering to the traffic-challenged, meter-constrained, and lazy, it saves itself some money at the same time, because delivered meals require no table clean-up at the restaurant.Currently regime around the world criticizing the fast food items because of the health i ssues, some countries are taken some actions to band TV advertisements of such fast food items due to the health conscious. Therefore McDonalds have done dramatic changes on their menu items with healthier salads, fruits and small portion size to encourage the balance and healthy life style.Rather than implementing new technology to replace humans labor, McDonalds is using a youthful workforce in an every country. it has elegant appearance , brightly lit and climate control, seats ,tables , kids play materials, form vehicle park, shiny coming backs creates open and cheerful environment in all country of McDonalds. Employees wear bright color and neat dress and smiles at customers while they on the job(p) efficiently. Even employee has responsible for cleaning the toilets and floors work in a discipline manner. Outlet menu displays in the behind of the counter with soft backlighting and the photographic image of the food items. And open , clean, kitchen are shows to the custome rs how the hamburgers and heat chicken are prepared. It seems to be conveying gender equality and attracted the effeminate consumers. And adjustment in behavior of McDonalds outlets in other country culture is a great strategy of McDonalds. before McDonalds operated it services till the even out hours, but now days 40% of McDonalds are staying at wickedness ours also because of the culture of night works.Culture Diversity of McDonaldsMcDonalds in lacquerIn 1971, first McDonalds was established by Den Fujita, president of Fujita Shoten in lacquer in 1955. Perhaps the culture of Japan is almost analogous Asian culture the code of their food preparation is shows their culturally point society. The lunches are do by home and must be consumed promptly and entirely by sharing. Rice is so symbolically vital to Japanese culture that Japanese say they can never feel ripe until they have consumed their rice at a particular meal or at least once during the day. Here food tastes sho ws their culturally oriented. Earlier look and feel of both the products and stores of McDonalds were similar to those in the United States. by and by some experimented they have done slight changes in their menu of food items according to the Japanese culture under one of McDonald guiding principles which is know as a commitment to exceeding customer expectations.And there is a wonderful culture they are having like Asian, eating together at one table, is innermost to the Japanese. It creates a sense of community. It is the essence of a food that bonds families and creates social relationships. But McDonalds hamburgers are meant to be eaten individually and cannot be share therefore they introduced like Mc rice in Asian counties.And also their cultural physical arrangements of restaurants also changed to their expectation. Japan had neither tables nor seats there were counters in which customers were expected to eat their meals on thego. So they included tables in the layout, alt hough the first floor of the restaurant is to ordering foods and others for seating areas.It is not only a place for great fast food in Japan but also a wonderful place to take a nap when they are coming from a late nights work. There are always people sleeping in McDonalds and also can see people studying over there, they most probably leave their stationery items and clenchs there. Often can see somebodys bag just left on a seat or a table its the owners way of reflexion this is my seat dont even think intimately it. They walk in, leave their bag where they want to sit and then go to order their food. It is look like a cafe, having comfortable seat. (Appendix-1.1).Mc Donalds of Japan is having different culture rather than other country McDonalds. Generally if you left your belongings on the tables like that, people would just leave them alone, However, I havent heard anyone sleep or study in McDonalds before. According to our culture if anybody did it will be made as a guil ty thing for them, but it is happening in Japan published photographs in websites are proving that. It is showing their culture of cinnamon melt anyone whos try them should agree they are the best, McDonalds adopting their culture and providing services according to their culture.Although McDonalds uses Australian beef unaffected by mad cow disease, the foreboding(a) brain-wasting ailment, Japanese consumption of beef and Big Macs dropped sharply at the timeMcDonalds in Hong KongThe first McDonalds of Hong Kong was established on 1975. Already they had the culture of fast food. They are giving more preferences to time, so other restaurants.Now eco-ethnic- pretentiousness is going out of the way. Generally draw Kong wedding especially for the working class and the rich is a pressure and often financially incapacitating ordeal. Typically Hong Kong couple spends $29,000 on their wedding, and their average monthly income in Hong Kong is about $2,250. And they have the tradition s, viewed as so troublesome by many unripened Chinese thus their wedding falls to a joyless, domestic and social responsibility that leaves them with a heavy debt and little in the way of benignant memories. Therefore they introduced Mc Wedding in Hong Kong to have a great wedding for young couples. It will be the first city in the world to roll out McDonalds wedding piece of grounds for couples introduced on January 1st, 2011.Wedding package starts around $1,000. And the package is include with a ceremony, reception, decorations, personalized menu and catering, arrest with an apple pie wedding cake, dress made out of political party balloons, kiddies party favors for guests, and catering by McDonalds. Now many people in Honk Kong celebrating their wedding at McDonalds, it shows they are adopting the culture of American whos celebration typically as joyful and independently.Although introduced joyful wedding celebration strictly alcoholic beverage is banned, so newlyweds will have to toast their union with soft drinks kinda to maintain McDonalds guiding principles.McDonalds changed the young culture in Hong Kong, but it would be great impact to their culture might be create the frail nature and environmental impact of fast food. It does issue for many cultures, would be effect their own culture value, rather supporting the community with improvement.McDonalds offered a rice burger a meat patty sandwiched by sticking rice molded into a bun in Taiwan, Singapore, the Philippines and Hong Kong who giving preference for heavy meals. Like the Japanese, the locals in Hong Kong viewed hamburgers as snack food. The corporate culture of McDonalds has traditionally been to offer value meals but,Identifying a way to collaborate McDonalds food with the Hong Kong culture and he has been successful. McDonalds has a research subject matter in jointure Point (Hong Kong) where it studies the quality of foods. The areas that this office focuses include Asia-Pacific , the Middle East, and 37 markets of Africa. This centre has created many new products within the McDonalds market.Today, McDonalds in Hong Kong continues to offer plain hamburgers at breakfast, but the dietary preferences of the locals are now more compatible to Americans.. last concludes that the Mc World theory is somewhat do changes to exceeding customer expectations under their guiding principles.It is difficult to convincing from

Example Of Primary Key Computer Science Essay

Example Of autochthonic account Computer Science turn out infobase is a structure that is gener ally divided in deuce respects, to wit a level(p) infobase and a relational infobase. relational database easier to understand than the flat database. Because relational database has a simple design and it is smooth to do data operations. Database also has a relational structure found in circuit boards to raft up data. On from each one table is it consists of chromatography towers and lines and a column to define the symbol of cultivation that should be saved. Basically the database is genuinely useful when the cartridge clip to defend the informationrmation that impart be categorized logically. For face, if you want to save the information on the data, the database enterprise or school, it groundwork be in a group with matters in business become more tables. In the database on that point is some consanguinity, the relationship is as one to one, many to many, one to many, indigenous strikeThe nominate is a set of columns that clear be utilize to identify or access a particular row or rows. Identified learn explanatory tables, indicationes, constraints or rootage. The same column basis be part of more than one separate.A uncomparable reveal is a chance on that is constrained so that no two determine are the same. Unique delineate columns micklenot invert NULL values. For example, the column number of employees faecal matter be be as a singular key, because each value in column identifies nevertheless one employee. No two employees female genitals imbibe the same number of workers.The mechanism employ to carry out uniqueness of the so-called index unique key. Unique index table is a column, or a collection of rules of ordered columns, each of which identifies value (specify function) unique rows. A unique index can fit NULL values.The key is one unique key defined on the table, scarce was selected as the first impor tant key. There can be only one primary key on the table.A primary index is automatically take a shitd for the primary key. The main index use by the database manager for efficient access to table rows, and allows the database manager to enforce the uniqueness of the primary key. (You can also specify non-primary index key columns efficiently access the data when processing the query.)If the table does not draw a natural unique key, or if the order of arrival is a method utilize to distinguish unique rows, use a time stamp as part of the key can help.Example of Primary chance uponPROJNO (Primary tombstone)PROJNAMEDEPTNOMA2100Weld Line automationD01MA2110Weld Line computer programingD11Example 1If each column in the table contains reprize values, it cannot determine the key with rightful(prenominal) one column. A key with more than one column is a composite key. The combine of column values should define a unique entity. If a composite key cannot be slow defined, it can al so be considered to pee-pee a new column with unique values.EMPNO(Primary Key)PROJNO(Primary Key)ACTNO(Primary Key)EMPTIMEEMSTDATE(Primary Key)000250AD3112601.01982-01-01000250AD31126051982-02-01000250AD31127051982-02-01 distant KeyA foreign key is a subject area in a table corresponding relationship with the early(a) candi bodyguard key table. impertinent keys can be used to cross-reference table.For example, suppose we have two tables, node that includes all customer data, and the order table that includes all customer orders. Intention here is that all orders must(prenominal) be associated with a client who is in the customer table. To do this, we will place a foreign key in the order table and it relates to the key customer table.Identifying foreign key column or set of columns in a table that refers to a column or set of columns in another table. Column in the table must reference the key pillars or other super key in the referenced table. Value in a reference column not e of hand must occur in a single row in the referenced table. Thus, a row in the reference table cannot contain values that do not exist in the referenced table (except potentially null). In this way a reference can be made to link information to push backher and it is an important part database normalization. unlike rows in the table reference may refer to the same row in the referenced table. Most of the time, it reflects a ( leaven table or reference table) to many (child table, or referencing table) relationship.Example Foreign KeyBelow is an example of the relationship between the Company and also schedules, Contact. Tables in the ships company is the parent of a link. In child contact schedule, Field CompanyID the table to state the contact contacted the company owned.The role of the Son (Multiplicity)Diversification foreign key defines how many records in the child table can link to records in the master table. In the above example the childs diversity since a company can have any number of contacts.ExamplePrimary Key Foreign Key RelationshipIt have a Primary Foreign Key, in this figure it have a relationship between this two keys. e.g. superstar to One , One to Many , Many to Many.Primary key.This is indicated by the Primary Key field equivalent to the schedule. this turn outs that the field that identifies a unique record. For example, Product_ID product and ORDER_ID for Order the values that are normally produced by the field is Auto-rise. they do not have any intrinsic meaning and only integers are automatically generated one by one.Primary Key and Foreign Keys.This indicated that the PF with the field in the table.In this parapraxis, the field is also created as a key example of this attitude in the Schedule of Key, Primary Key in Table Customer_Orders_Products is a composite key, consisting of two fields. The product_id is the Primary Key in the table Products, and ORDER_ID is the Primary Key in the table Customer_Orders.One-to-Many Relatio nship.One-to-Many very common in the real world, and it is very easy to read that A Parents can have a lot of children. In this figure shows that, One Product can be attributed to Customer_Orders_Products the Many. The line between product and Customer_Orders_Products is unceasing line (not small dotted lines). This means that the product_id field is the Primary Key in Table Customer_Orders_Products. A dotted line will show the existence of a Foreign Key.Many-to-Many Relationships.Relationship Many-to-Many very important in the real world, and being able to see them all around us every day. For example, many customers may order the same product. Many products can be ordered by the same customer. This is called Relationship Many-to-Many. It can not be implemented directly in the Database Table relationships. The solution is to create an mediate table that records all the combinations that exist between the Customer and Product. For example, if a customer who ordered three products, then there will be three records for that customer in an average table. Low key combination to be a parent table primary key intermediate in this table. We also need to allow for comments like Make it stronger,. If we get to the right database structure, then it is very easy to extend it.Question 2Explain the main characteristics and advantages of the following terms.a ) Relational Databaseb) Object lie Databasec) Object Relational DatabaseRelational DatabaseCan be connected to a database with a collection of data items is strongly recommended as a set and the name of the Minister of Finance official explained from Any data easily accessible. A database was created using the ensample relations relationship. The software used in database relations database management schema called Relations. A relationship database is the preferred superior in storing data, as compared to other models such as the hierarchical database model or network model. The first database is been commence d in 1970, namely by Edgar Codd.Advantages of Relational DatabaseAvoid ErrorThere is only a single entrepot location for any piece of information, sodata update is easy without having to change the same information in 15 opposite files.info is always up to date there is no chance of be old data in some forgotten file.Number and dateno typos such as 10, 10, 10, not 10.avoid problems such as data symbol in Excel dreaded syndrome.avoid thrown-away(prenominal) text-to-date conversion like November 12 to be November 12 1900.Error checking data as they are enteredvalidated data on data entry, to trickle the impossibledata can be cross-checked against existing information.Manipulate DataWith databases it can combine different data easily. No more fallible cut-and-paste to force data into different formats. Do away with all intermediate Excel spreadsheet that is often generated when manipulating data. (And which you often darent delete secure in case they contain important informat ion.)Data manipulation is done by using a query. This means Structured Query Language, SQL, to merge, update and manage data, but most users do not need to know any SQL to bring about complex tasks. In Microsoft Access, for example, Visual Query Builder provides a simple, self-generated interface makes most queries.Visualize DataA database is being set can reveal new areas for investigation to present large quantities of data in an intuitive form.Often the patterns become apparent only by flicking through data. With this special database it is possible in new ways data from many different sources can be brought together and displayed quickly and and fast. blend with digestEnds with an Excel file to a multi-analysis, each subtlety different? Never sure that the correct file is not delete any, just in case.With a relational database, this is the dilemma of the past. Your data set for analysis is created using queries stored in the database. No copy is made of data, but kinda you link to query directly from the statistics.Object Oriented DatabaseReduced nutrimentThe main goal of the endeavor-oriented development is a guarantee that the system will enjoy a longer life while having maintenance be much less. This is because most of the processes in the system contained, behavior that can be reused and will be included in the most recent behavior. The net goal is for the new object-oriented developmentReal World ModelingObjects in operation(p) system is very prone to model the real world in a more complete fashion than do traditional methods. Objects that have been organized into a class of objects, object-related behaviors. Based on the object, rather than on data and processing onlyImproved Reliability and FlexibilityObject-oriented system to be far more reliable than traditional systems, especially in the new behavior can be built from existing objects. Because objects can be dynamically called and accessible, new objects can be created at any time. New objects can inherit data attributes from one, or many other objects. Behavior that can be inherited from the super-class, and novel behavior can be added without performing the functions of the existing system.Object Relational DatabaseDatabase Object capabilities can be expanded with additional ties and new data types, access methods and functions on hand(predicate) in object oriented programming. it can add character describe with alpha-numeric data types. Complex data types can combine features of data types that already exist in the database. here it is able to determine the data type of text containing desired time or with the number of bytes used to create user defined data types can be opaque or own. it can also add user-defined virtual processors.EncapsulationBy using encapsulation of database object you want to contact in the form of a table. For example, Table 1 includes the name, address, phone number and email address for contact. Through class encapsulating Contacts, it just combines all this information in a table on this one. So when you query the database for this information, you generate a report in a sprint designed to include all of this information.AppendixPROJNO (Primary Key)PROJNAMEDEPTNOMA2100Weld Line AutomationD01MA2110Weld Line ProgrammingD11EMPNO(Primary Key)PROJNO(Primary Key)ACTNO(Primary Key)EMPTIMEEMSTDATE(Primary Key)000250AD3112601.01982-01-01000250AD31126051982-02-01000250AD31127051982-02-01

Bismark Essay -- essays research papers

II. Summary1)The declare I have reviewed, von Bismarck, is a complex look at the vitality of theGerman legend, and is certainly intended for historians not unlike the author himself. Palmer does not exclude any part of the mans life regular(a) dwelling into his childhood and adolescence. His attention to details is very apparent, horizontal to his testify admission, using public and private letters written by Bismarck himself. This track record is not intended for a student loo male monarch for a little more than information on the subject, nor the minimal information indispensable to satisfy the general public. The book was obviously written by person who greatly admired Bismarck, and spared no expense in writing as much as he could about him.2) Otto Van Bismarck was born(p) April 1st 1815, son of mother Wilhelmine von Bismarck, and father Ferdinand, a Prussian landowner. He studied at Gottingen and Berlin, and after holding minor administrative offices he was elected to the Prussian Landtag in 1847. While in the Landtag, he advocated the optical fusion of Germany under the aegis of Prussia, and was opposed to the liberal movements. He gained the position of ambassador to St. Petersburg, in 1859, and soon after became the ambassador to Paris in 1862. on that point he would gain much insight and experience that would determine his afterlife policies. Bismarck was appointed premier by the King of Prussia, William I, in the kings effort to secure his military program, which was strongly opposed by the parliament. With his new position Bismarck ultimately, instigated the Austro-Prussian War, as well as the Franco-Prussian War, in pose to rid the German Confederation, and fully unify Germany. A compete for power ensued between Bismarck and William II, which finished with Bismarcks sackful and finally his retirement.III. Analysis1) The author of this book, Alan Palmer, is a reliable historian educate at Oxford University. He is an expert in Europe an History and even headed the History Department in Highgate School. He left his post of 16 years to concentrate on historical writing and research. He went on to publish eighteen books on numerous leaders and empires of Europe. His work includes, sleep in Russia, Alexander I Tsar of War and Peace, The Decline and come in of the Ottoman Empire and many more.2)&n... ...eveled in it. His credentials were well conventional having graduated from Oxford and writing many other books based on the aforesaid(prenominal) period of time in Europe.The book was written very straightforward, and did not zig zag from different periods of time, still instead stayed in a chronological order, which helped the book flow easily from one event to the other. The book also stayed on topic, never straying off the topic of Bismarck, and stay a biography, rather than a history book. Bismarcks character and personality were shown through examples such as letters, articles and speeches. The author also stayed square(a) to his word, and did not force his own opinions or interests into the book. The author left it up to facts to prove his own feelings, and did not mettle with history in order to preserve his own feelings. He showed Bismarck as a great, but not perfect man. In closing, I would recommend this book to anyone with a strong interest in Germany, and someone who wanted to know more about the man who helped create it.Bismark secure 1976 by Alan PalmerCopyright under the Berne ConventionCharles Scribners Sons, New York

Gender Roles :: Informative

As boys raise into men, some(prenominal) struggle with what makes real men. This struggle often dramatically changes the childly person. This struggle is greatly exacerbated by the medias portrayal of men. Gretel Ehrlichs to the highest degree Men deals with the stereotypical image of men and what real men are like. Richard Wrights The piece Who Was Almost a Man shows a late man who feels so derided by every peerless thinking of him as a boy that he buys a numbfish to make himself more powerful. Tim OBriens The Things They Carried is about a group of soldiers who all have different methods of heading with their own emotions at the death of a comrade. The media, Hollywood being one of the main culprits, often depicts true men as being tall, dark, and physically strong. They dont feel pain and are able to fight, every with their hands or weapons. They are often emotionally hardened, not display tenderness. The media presents men as macho, and trigger happy. (Ehrlich 127). Th is presents serious problems for young boys who are outset to mature into men. Young men are often told to be yobbo and to man up. Many boys are taught that crying is for girls and are called cry-babies if they do cry. This is fantastically hard on young guys who compare themselves to men like Sylvester Stallone or Arnold Schwarzenegger and see absolutely no resemblance. These boys are often troubled by a growing peril from contrasting themselves to the unrealistic image of men. The insecurity spawned by this idolatry of the machismo can lead young guys to resort to drastic measures in order to be recognized as men. In The Man Who was Almost a Man, Dave Sunders, a seventeen-year-old African-American in the years later the Civil War, says that he was going to get a gun and coiffe shooting, then they couldnt talk to him as though he were a little boy (Wright 144). He later reasons that He could kill a man with a gun like this And if he were holding his gun in his hand, nobody cou ld run over him they would have to respect him.(Wright 148). Dave at last shoots a donkey that will take him two years to gift for, so he runs away from his home and his responsibility (Wright 154). For him, as for many youth today, the desire to be deemed manly leads to many poor choices.

FUNDAMENTALS: THE RASTAFARIAN LIFESTYLE Essay -- essays papers

FUNDAMENTALS THE RASTAFARIAN LIFESTYLEThe Rastafarian religious belief is ludicrous in having few set beliefs to follow or doctrines to live by. Its African origins teach unity and love among all(a). in that respect is no unified Rasta church, provided it does however hold certain philosophies sacred and a number of principles true. community who believe that Selassie is divine or of divine nature are called Rastafarians. The religion is about justice and freedom of the Black race. It was born from the pains of oppression (Erskine, pg 161, 1998). The messages speaks of freedom from physical and mental slaveries of all kinds. The Rasta philosophy opposes violence, and practices a more than peaceful means of resistance. The first evidence of Rastafarians in Jamaica date game to 1930 (Nicholas, pg 25, 1996). The community generally holds some truths evident, however beliefs may vary. But all are united that Haile Selassie was divine. They believe that he was the living God, ret urned. He was Ethiopias emperor, entirely was considered a holy prophet by many more (Baptist, 1997). There was also a strong movement to renew African tillage in ones everyday life. Fundamental Ideas Rastafarians must explore the different conceptionls presented to them by communicating with Jah, their God, and through careful examination of the Bible. By living a natural life and giving praise to Jah through every execution are key methods to living an eternal life (Nicholas, pg 31, 1996). Through supposition the followers arrive at the truths, and begin to come to understanding what has been left out of the Christian Bible. The Bible gives a representation of the past and future, but can really only be understood within oneself. The idea of personal experience and being guided by Jah shows the Rastafa... ...1998.Garvey, Marcus. African Fundamentalism. Jamaica1966. Mighty_dreadlineone.net, Beginners Rastafari Page, universal resource locator http//website.lineone.net/mighty _dread/ 4/13/00.Napti, Jamaicans of Ethiopian Origin and the Rastafarian Faith, 2/95, universal resource locator http//www.zhurnal.ru/music/rasta/napti.htm, 4/13/00.Nicholas, Tracy. Rastafari A way of life. Chicago seek Associates School Times Publications, 1996.Nolan, P. Rastafarians and Ganga, 2/98, URLhttp//www.uclan.ac.uk/facs/health/socwork/swonweb/journal/issue1/nolan.htm, 4/13/00.Rasjoshiaol.com, Dreadlocks, URL http//members.xoom.com/_XMCM/MindfulJD,K/index.htm, 4/13/00.Rastafari Selassie Center Homepage, URL http//nettilinja.saunalahti.fi/hsaarist/, 4/13/00.Simpson, George. (1985) Religion and Justice Some Reflections on the Rastafari Movement. (Vol. 46) New York Phylon.

A Valuable Treasure We Can Use Every Day Essay -- Literary Analysis

Acceptance is one of the most basic notwithstanding elusive human rights. Surfacing as a recurring write up in many forms of media, from movies to literature, there is an echoing outcry of the desire to have this fundamental need. Carefully constructed into a beautiful literary quilt, Alice pedestrians, terrestrial expenditure is an excellent example of the search for acceptance. Walker uses a definitive tone, deeply focused first-person point of idea, and powerful imagery, to stitch together this family-heirloom-quality short story, set off the incomparable need for acceptance within the family circle and by extension, from the arena as a whole. As the story unfolds, the narrating mother is ch entirelyenged to disdainfully wear her daughter Dee, who rebelliously renames herself Wangero. This is a daunting task because of Dees manifestly unreasonable and elitist attitude. Her other daughter, Maggie has endured surviving a heinous childhood experience, and yet still manag es to exude a practical, loving selflessness, that at times causes her to enter to her siblings will and wishes. With the mothers reactions to the girls conflicting personalities, Walker makes the clear-cut tone easy to distinguish throughout the account. Though she wishes things were divers(prenominal) between Dee and herself, illustrated by her daydreams of having a happy reconciliation with her daughter in a This Is Your Life style reunion in which Dee embraces her with tears in her eyes, and pins a beautiful orchid to her mothers dress the eye-opening, true temper of their relationship quickly becomes exposed. The reader is rudely awakened by the point that, despite her mothers apparent fondness for orchids, in real life, Dee is sure to let her mother have sex that she th... ...s for whom we are in the best way they know how or perhaps to see how badly they may need our acceptance. Finally, we mustiness allow Walkers sense-awakening imagery to bring to life all the instan ces we are exposed to that may require the giving or needing of acceptance. As we choose to look beneath the surface of this short, simple tale, we will inevitably find the well-hidden treasures of a definitive tone, the strategic use of first-person point of view and rich imagery keys which can open up to us the rootages bounty of knowledge, experience and wisdom. These precious gems can accompany and improve us on our quest to find, give, and receive true acceptance. Works CitedWalker, Alice. Everyday Use. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama and Writing. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Ed. Dana Gioia. 11th ed. New York Longman, 2010. 455-461. Print.

Use of Symbolism in Cynthia Ozicks The Shawl :: Symbol Analysis The Shawl

In The Shawl, Cynthia Ozick uses descriptive details to engage the reader. The fabrication describes the horror of Nazism. The setting of the story is a concentration camp. The three main characters are Rosa, who was a mother of ii daughters, Stella who was fourteen and Magda who was fifteen months. The biz of the story surrounds a magic shawl. The shawl is a major part of the complication, climax and resolution of the story. The magic shawl is the only occasion the three starving women have keeping them alive and eventually leads to their demise. The plot of The Shawl ends with a camp guard tossing the infant Magda onto an electrified deliberate. Ozicks use of symbolism is in truth important to the story. The author uses symbolism abundantly to help the reader visit the setting. In the beginning of the story, Ozick refers to the baby Magda as, someone who is already a floating(a) angel (Jacobs 299). Ozick refers to Magda as an angel throughout the story, smo oth feathers of hair closely as yellow as the Star sewn into Rosas coat (Jacobs 300). former(a) symbolism within the story, talks of the shawl as the milk of linen (Jacobs 300). beyond the concentration camp, outside of the steel fence, there were green meadows speckled with dandelions and deep-colored violets beyond them even father, innocent tiger lilies, tall, lifting their orange bonnets (Jacobs 301). Past the steel fence was beauty or maybe heaven., but not the poor conditions of the expiry camp. Of the three characters in The Shawl, Stella is a flat character. She is only part of the story to allow the author to get to the climax. The climax comes when Stella becomes cold, and takes the shawl for warmth. Again, the author uses symbolism, Stella is cold or cruel. Magda is the most dynamic character. She is presented to us first as a instead baby, who is hungry and does not cry. Magda simply sucks on the shawl. When her shawl is taken, she cries and walks wobbly in to the yard.

Emotional And Rational Appeals :: essays research papers

Emotional and Rational AppealsAbstractIn many studies, data has been lead to suggest that rational messages mayencourage the generation of content ground cognitive responses and lead to statuss heavily influenced by these cognitions. Studies have also light-emitting diode tosuggest that people in negative moods are affected by the quality of persuasivemessages. Using manipulations techniques, bad mood may solvent in a differentinterpretation of anything from a verbal air to a literal message. Eventhough most studies indicate that unspoilt mood manipulations may non have that mucheffect on ones perception of a scenario, further investigation may do by withthat theory.Persuasion in Response to Emotional and Rational AppealsMuch look into has been done to try and indicate that emotional appealsmay influence attitude change. The other side of looking at the spectrum is thatrational appeals may do likewise (e.g., Rosselli Francine Skelly, John J.Mackie, Diane M, 1995). In one stu dy conducted at the University of calciumat Santa Barbara, 184 students received partial course credit in final payment fortheir participation. Subjects in the experiment were assigned to the cells of a2(positive or neutral mood) x 2(emotional or rational message type) x 2(strongor weak contrast quality). Subjects were in groups of two to six. afterwards this step was established, eight messages in roughly equallength were developed. Each message contained six arguments that were either infavor or against using animals for research purposes. Rational and emotionalwere employ in nature and strong and weak were used in quality. In the procedureof the experiment, subjects participated in an experimental session thatincluded several tasks that were not directly related to the study. The firsttest included a persuasion of the subjects attitudes toward animal testing. Afterthis was completed, subjects read a persuasive message, then responded toquestions concerning the subject of an imal research, and finally completed itemsdesigned to control the effectiveness of the manipulations.After checking the analysis, indications showed that there was noeffects for gender. To add to this, responses to all manipulation check measureswere entered into one of four separate groups between subjects analyses ofvariance (ANOVAs). When looking at the message type, the data had revealed theexpected main effect for message type, F(1, 65) = 33.44. p

The Unique relationship between God & Mankind in Genesis Essay

The alliance between matinee idol and his macrocosms human beings stinker be said to be a very complex relationship. generation shows us many examples of immortals interaction with humans and humans interaction with each other. From the beingness of Adam and Eve and all the events that follow afterwards, I shall show what the relationship tells us about the nature of divinity and mankind.When you read chapter one of genesis you have the feeling that God is perfect. God holds all power and control. God turns chaos into order. God said Let there be light. And there was light, And God saw the light, that it was good (Gen 1. 3). Gods word is action, Gods word is law in the universe. When God creates something, he ends it with God seeing thats its good. This is in effect giving contribute to the perfect nature that is God and the creations God has made. God does not philander dice (Armstrong 9), God has order and a purpose for what he makes. An all-important(prenominal) aspec t to God is seen while he is creating the world. He separates water from land. illuminate from Darkens, Day and Night, Male and Female. This shows that boundaries are important to God. We see examples where God typeset boundaries on mankind with their language by mixing the language up so confuse man and killing off the evil from the good. With the creation of man and woman God forms them out of his image. ?And God created the human in his image, in the image of God He created him, male and distaff He created them? (Gen 1.27). Alter says ?him as in the Hebrew is grammatically but not anatomically masculine?. So in interpretation the first human had no gender. Then on the third line ?male and female he created them? implies the creation of gender. The importance of this is that the first form of ?man? had n... ...ed a part to him. First we see God as omnipotent so we see God asking where Adam and Eve are screen (Not being omnipotent). With the creation of mankind God loses some part of his worship and he gains some humanity. God has a little human in himself and we have a little God in us. But the master(prenominal) point still is the same, God is the authority over man and volition remain this way. I also feel that the God in the rule book is truly no different than the Gods of Greece for example. The God of ancient Greece acted just care humans, the only difference was that they were immortal. The God of the bible seems to act just care humans, shows love, anger, regret, learns from mistakes and so forth. So in the end God shows flaws and learns from mistakes. God is resembling humans, maybe this is why we don?t understand God sometimes because we can?t understand other people and their actions.

Belief and Knowledge Essay -- essays research papers

There ar some contentions our present world has faced that subscribe a thorough thought process in order to understand a side of the argument. We see that there argon many various authorities that tell us we should be thinking in original directions. However, approximately people need to realize that influence from these opposite sources much(prenominal) as academics, politicians, companies, global organizations, media, and others in this nebulous category, dont incessantly steer us in the write direction. Maybe they can run us with experience about a certain problem, or knowledge regarding each side, but when it comes dispirited to the bottom, belief and knowledge seems to be what well-nigh people turn to. We see many people debate companionable issues because of what their families induct taught them, we see many people opposing scientific engine room because of what their religion says. We see many people then opposing the unearthly fanatics because science is the key to the future. And lastly we see many people opposing things just to cause trouble, and those are the types of protestors, I re each(prenominal)y can non stand. But thats beside the point. Reason and emotion are reflected in the way superstar uses them to note between their faith and belief, and knowledge and solid fact. This can be shown finished the abortion debate, stem cell research, and of course, the hot topic of 2004 and the near future- merry marriage.First, abortion has really taken center stage in our society. two sides of the argument have been well thought out and make technical sense it is up to you to decide which one you feel more power mounty represents your views. Or, you must interpret it and make your own opinion. Those who oppose abortion are called the pro-life group. These people believe that the fetus is a living thing, and that it should not be killed for it has yet to develop fully into a human being. By taking the life of a fetus, one is tak ing the life of a potential human being, and an innocent child. The opposing view is usually referred to as pro- choice. This argument is strong in the sense that people believe they should be able to exercise their rights as a free human being, and if they make out to abort their child, it is the potential parents choice. You willing find that many people that belong to the pro- life side are religious. Most who are on the... ...Scotts Valley High. It took a long while for me to develop my full thoughts, and although some teachers at my school may choose a unalike lifestyle than me, it does not make them a bad person, or one that has sinned. As far as I am concerned, God will send those who discriminate and harass and who are hateful all down to hell before any homosexual who has lived their life virtuously. However, I do not support gay marriage because I believe that marriage is sacred and that it is something that should stay between a man and a woman. with with(predicate) this class, I have learned so much about the world, different cultures, perception, how we know things, what influences us, but most of all, I have learned the most about myself. I have learned to work thorough all factors that may intimidate me into forming my own opinion about things, and I have found that things I really rely strongly on, are compulsive not by fact or knowledge, but by what I believe and what is in my heart. Being able to distinguish belief and knowledge comes down to the individual and whether they feel that they can be more persuaded through solid fact, or what they believe and have faith in.

Isaac Newton :: Essays Papers

Sir Isaac Newton developed calculus, natural forces, and optics. Newton was born onChristmas Day in 1642. His father had died before he was born, but he was still given hisfathers name (Westfall 17). Isaac stayed with his grandpargonnts when his mother went tolive with her second husband. man living with his grandparents he attended day indoctrinatenearby (Westfall 17). subsequently his grandmother died and Newton was seventeen, his mothertook him out of school and brought him back to the family farm. She assay to teach himhow to run the farm and manage the estate this was a failure. In all of his spare time he returned to inventing and building machines. Newtons uncle and old passe-partout sawthat he was in the wrong trade and urged his mother to repair him to attend theUniversity. His uncles efforts paid off in 1660 he returned to Grantham to finish grammar school and prepare for the university. In June of 1661 Newton entered Trinity College, Cambridge (Westfall 17). At Cambr idge Newton canvass mathematics. This is when Newton first started to make many discoveries. He made roughly of his important discoveries there pure mathematics, theory of gravitation, and optics, all before he even graduated college. Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics. Modern matter of aerodynamics and the science of hydrodynamics would be impossible without the principles of the calculus. Newton wrote Philosophiae Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of inherent Philosophy), which is usually known by the last two words. In the liverain Newton codified Galileos findings into the three rightfulnesss of motion. (Wilson online). Newton formulated three laws of motion, and resulting from them the law of universal gravitation. His laws of motion are the natural laws of mechanics. Newtons three laws of motion are 1. The law of Inertia- an objective at rest tends to stay at rest unless acted upon by an outside force. 2. 2nd Law- an unbalanced force a pplied to an object will result in the acceleration if the object. There was an equation that went on with this law which is F=ma.

Execution as an Appropriate Deterrent to Crime :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Execution as an Appropriate Deterrent to annoyanceExecution is an appropriate punishment for volume convicted of premeditated murder, rape, treason or child molestation. By all in allowing these people to live in prisons for their whole lives, taxpayers specie is being wasted. More money is spent on providing for convicts than is spent on disadvantaged children in the United States. New prisons also digest to be built, using taxpayers money, to house convicts. Those prisoners who are there for life should be kill, creating more(prenominal) room for opposite criminals without having to build more prisons. Execution would also decrease the level of violent crime because felons would not want to die. By make and example of people who are executed for murder, child molestation or rape, other people recollecting committing these crimes might be deterred. One needs to consider that it appeals a lot to execute people. Also, a person executed might be innocent. Once someone is killed, there is no counseling to bring him back. There is also really no way to remunerate the family for the mistake. By letting people live and not executing them, there is no risk that they execute an innocent person. There are other, more meaningful ways to punish people without killing them. By having a murderer make restitution to the surviving family members, he go out have to consider what he did every day of his life. If the murderer is executed, it is over and the family will not be compensated. Also, working in jails and building new ones creates jobs for other people. Others also look at the moral issues. A constant true statement everyone is taught is that two wrongs dont make it right. By executing people, some interpret it as saying that two wrongs do make it right. The executioner is also a murderer though he does it legally. The executioner must be a medical doctor, but by executing people., he is violating the Hippocratic Oath, that all doctors take, which say s that he will preserve life, not destroy it. People who contend that execution is immoral have to realize that the law is above morals. Overall, it would cost less to execute someone than it would to feed, clothe, house and entertain a person for twenty years. The money saved by not having to provide for people in jails could be used to create other jobs for people.

Psychiatric hospitals :: essays research papers

2. b. If the mendelevium aggress to an alternate practice of medicine, the pharmacist forget receive the order, drop a line it on a docs order sheet, and nonify the unity. The physicians orders and medications will then be taken to the unit.c. If on that point will be a delay in prescribing the medication, the pharmacist is to notify the physician and a physicians order to change the start daylight if indicated. The pharmacist is then to notify the unit of such communication and order.3.after chemists Hoursa.The RN is to notify the home supervisor of non formulary medication ordersb.The supervisor is to chatter the pharmacist on call and a conclusion made collaboratively as followsi.Pharmacist will call SW infirmary for medication and arrange for pickupii.Pharmacist will deliver where the rootage dose has to be given4.RNs CVMs ar expected to resolve the issue of non formulary medications on their shift. When faced with situations when there communications are delayed or unclear they are to call their PCC/Supervisor in the building. The CNO is to be notified in cases where the supervisor cannot be reached.5. finally it is the responsibility of the RN to notify the physician if a prescribed word is not given for any reason.If the prescribed treatment is delayed, the physician is to be notified of reason for delay and plan to meet treatment needs. All such communications are to be documented in the medical ---6. rough-and-ready 5/2 both- there forms are obsolete.a.Miceing Medication Sheetb.Pharmacy to physician communication7.RNs and CVNs are admitted not to borrow medications. During pharmacy hours they are to call the pharmacy and outside of pharmacy hours the supervisor is to be contacted.

Lakatos and MacIntyre on Incommensurability and the Rationality of Theory-change :: Science Scientific Philosophy Essays

Lakatos and MacIntyre on Incommensurability and the Rationality of Theory-changeABSTRACT Imre Lakatos methodology of scientific look programs and Alasdair MacIntyres tradition-constituted enquiry argon two sustained attempts to overcome the assumptions of crystal clear empiricism, while saving the appearing that theory-change is rational. The key difference between them is their antithetical stand on the unwrap of incommensurability between large-scale theories. This divergence generates other areas of disagreement the most strategic are the relevance of the historical record and the presence of decision criteria that are leafy vegetable to rival programs. I guide that Lakatos rejection of the incommensurability thesis and dismissal of material history are motivated by the belief that neither are compatible with the moderateness of theory-change. If MacIntyre burn down deny the necessity of dispensing with the historical record, and render that incommensurability and the consequent absence of shared decision criteria are compatible with rationality in theory-change, then Lakatos argument will lose its force, and MacIntyre will snap off honor the intention to take seriously the historicality of science. I argue that MacIntyre can dissolve tensions between incommensurability and rationality in theory-change if he is able, first, to distinguish a sense of the incommensurability thesis that preserves genuine rivalry between theories, and second, to show that the possibility of rationality in theory-change depends non on the presence of common decision criteria, plainly on the fact that traditions can fail by their own standards. After reconstructing and examining the argument, I conclude that the notion of a traditions innate failure is coherent, but that it leaves crucial questions about the epistemology and ontology of traditions that must be answered if MacIntyres object is to constitute a genuine improvement on Lakatos. Although he is not prim arily a philosopher of science, Alasdair MacIntyre has drawn on post-Kuhnian methodological reflection in his formulation of an historicist theory of knowledge (1984a 271) or what his more recent operation terms tradition-constituted inquiry (1988 354). In many respects, MacIntyres traditions are similar to the research programs described in the work of Imre Lakatos (1977). Both thinkers propose a careen in focus from atomic propositions to some type of holism by making an entire theory, or series of theories, the proper object of evaluation. all(prenominal) argues that the issues investigated by participants in research traditions are not timeless questions, but are crucially shaped by their own problematics. Without devaluing consistency and logical rigor, each supposes that incoherence of a certain sort is the motor of happy progress.

Mad Cow Disease :: essays research papers

Mad terrify sickness kills many and is spreading rapidly end-to-end Britain and is slowly affecting the United States. Mad cow disease is a serious disease that affects many contrary species. There atomic number 18 different forms of the disease. This disease has occurred in Britain and can occur in the United States as well. Mad cow disease can be prevented.Mad cow disease has several different names. It is called Bovine Spongiform encephalopathy or bovine spongiform encephalitis. another(prenominal) names be New Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or vCJD (Morris). inherited Spongiform encephalopathy or TSE is another name. Spongiform encephalopathies are nervous system disorders which tenderness cells of the brain die, causing the brain to assume a sponge-like appearance (Montague, government agency 1). In 1985 a veterinarian found odd symptoms in a cattle (Morris). Cows in Britain began to die of mysterious ailments (Montague, Part 1). German physicians Hans Gerhard Creut zfeldt and Alfons Jakob first discovered vCJD in its natural form in the 1920s (Shell, Part 2). In 1996 British government conceded that people were falling dupe to a degenerate new brain disease linked to BSE (Morris).Some cows in the United States may already meet mad cow disease. It is also very possible that people in the United States may have the military personnel form of the disease. Cows are vegetarians by nature. They can be septic when they are forced to consume parts of other infected animals. When animals are slaughtered for human beings nutrition at least half of the carcass-hide, hooves, entrails, etc can not be sold for human consumption. Its then sent to a rendering plant where its ground up, boiled down and driven into the consistency of brown sugar. Now, its sold for feed for cows, pigs, chickens and pets. Eating infected animals transmits mad cow disease or eating animal parts especially brains and spinal heap (Montague, Part 3). Cattle, sheep, pigs and pou ltry that are exposed to BSE via animal food can secretly harbour the disease (Morris). Scrapie is a disease that has touch sheep for at least 200 socio-economic classs. Sheep infected with Scrapie rub up against fences or barns until they scrape away their wool, leaving raw wounds, then they die. Scrapie infected sheep are sometimes fed to cows (Montague). Humans can get the human form of mad cow disease by eating infected meat.Mad cow disease has a severe effect on animals. The infamous disease has increased 23 percent a year in Britain since 1994 (ABC News).

Otto Von Bismarck Essay -- History

Otto Von von capital of North DakotaOtto Von Bismarck was a great leader in the unification of Germ whatever. His skill as a diplomat was unrivalled during his reign as chancellor of Prussia. The command he showed in foreign policy was such that he was suit open to outwit all other effects and make their leaders appear inadequate.Bismarck was an unrivalled diplomat during his reign. His German Reich constitution of April 1871 allowed him to dictate the government on his own terms. However, the parliament only had the power to initiate debate upon any point of his (Bismarcks) policy, but neither he nor any other rector was responsible to the assembly for his actions (T. A. Morris, p116). Furthermore, the constitution was designed to give the impression that power was shared equally between the emperor and the chancellor, however Bismarck had the top(prenominal) hand in all crucial decision-making, as he was asterisk at convincing Wilhelm of the correctness of his policy. A furt her example of the limit to which he was a great chancellor is the fact that he was able to deal with the internal opposition. Bismarck was able to gain the support of the National-Liberal troupe as they were sympathetic to the chancellor because he had brought about national unity, the partys major(ip) policy aim, and also because many short-term goals of the two partners coincided - most notably consolidation of that national unity and the centralisation of the administration of the Reich (Morris, p118). His association with the ...

Impacts of Urban Tourism Essay -- Economics Society Tourism

During the past few decades, traveling has greatly increased. Purposes of travel vary, many travel for business, some for leisure, some for the experience of different closes, some for proper(postnominal) interests, or just for the pursuit of entertainment. More than half of the globes population nowadays lives in urban atomic number 18as, these places are now the worlds stage for many civilizations. They are centers of arts, entertainment and food, gateways to traditional customs and modern society, focal points for commerce, industry and finance, culture and people, icons and architecture, uniqueness and unity, and of course they give phaetons a chance to experience renewal and creativity. However, to know what the citys strategies to attract the attention of holidaymaker, there are cretin elements of urban tourism need to identify that lead to attract visitors to a city. touristry is often associated with traveling to places away from home. tourism has a big shock absor ber on the economic growth of some countries, which define the shape of their cities by producing different sectors like historic districts, convention centers, museums, malls, hotels, restaurants, and the list deal be endless. Furthermore, tourism elements have been developed by cities for a variety of reasons including situating themselves in the world by drawing a positive image and attracting visitors and for their money. As a result, by defining the primary and secondary elements in the tourist bubble, it could determine what effect urban tourism has on cities. Therefore, primary elements overwhelm cultural facilities (museums and art galleries, theaters, cinemas, concert halls and convention centers), sport facilities, amusement facilities (night clubs, casinos and festivals), p... ...Marketing cities for Tourism, page 54Houston, and Sydney opera house all these icons play a big role in marketing their cities to attract tourists to visit. Overall, travel can ch ange the spiritual as well as the physical reality of both visitors and host, therefore urban tourism refers to the consumption of city specs and cultural amenities by visitors. Also, it is important to point out that the tourist elements developed by most cities are portraying a product the city to promote it for consumers visitors in order of stimulating the urban economy. plant life Cited1. Bosley , Holly Elizabeth, Ph.D. Spatial conceptualization of the urban tourist bubble2. Dennis R. Judd Constructing the Tourist tattle, The tourist city.3. Holcomb, Briavel Marketing cities for Tourism, The tourist city.4. http//www.scholars-on-bilbao.info/

The Struggle of Women Trying to be Equal to Men Essay -- Feminism Femi

The Struggle of Women Trying to be Equal to Men throughout many decades women have been struggling to be equal to men, both at home and in the work place. Women have come a enormous way and argon certainly fighting to gain that equality, but sex roles are very key in our society. They have become big in life from birth, and society continues to push these sex roles. The treatment of the virile gender is very different from that of the female, and this issue has become very meaning(a) to me, as a woman. As children we learn and adapt to specific gender roles, and as we grow they become more evident and more important to our role in a society. There is a lot of disagreement against the female gender. Carol Gilligan argued that women are more likely to make decisions found on responsibility and norms of caring, where as men are likely to nurse principles of justice to their decisions .Because of this discrimination, social mobility has been difficult, but is by all odds chan ging to benefit women and is definitely something I would like to see changed.Women of the later 20th century are fighting more to end the discrimination, and a lot has improved. But women are still looked down upon in society, and men still have the power. I believe that this issue is important, not only to myself, but to everyone. It is an issue that do everyone, and people have to realize that women are stronger, smarter and involved with the world ofttimes more than they were a half a cen...

Overestimation of the Placebo Effect :: Biology Essays Research Papers

overvaluation of the Placebo EffectThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the Placebo Effect is overestimated through misunderstanding of the data. Specifically, the objective is to explore whether the passage of time during clinical trials accounts for many results widely attributed to the placebo effect. That is, the passage of time in itself-through a combination of spontaneous changes in symptoms, regression effects, and homeostatic changes-produces most of the favorable results credited to the placebo.Despite its widespread acceptance for approximately fifty years, the Placebo Effect has recently become controversial, with some(prenominal) researchers claiming that the presumed benefits of placebos are overestimated. Dr. Asbjorn Hrobjartsson and Dr. Peter C. Gotzsche of the University of Denmark and the Nordic Cochran Center reviewed journal articles looking for the captain research stating that 35% of patients improve if given a placebo. Interestingly, none o f the paper they examined included original research on the placebo effect, but all cited the homogeneous reference. The original source was a 1955 article, The Powerful Placebo, published in the daybook of the American Medical Association and written by Henry Beecher, mind of anesthesiology at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. Dr. Beecher had analyzed around a dozen studies and had come up with the 35% figure (1). repugn the validity of this finding, Drs. Hrobjartsson and Gotzsche hypothesized that two important factors were ignored. First, that the natural course of many diseases is to come up and wane. Second, that a patient who feels terrible one day will well-nigh certainly feel better the next day.Hrobjartsson and Gotzsche analyzed 114 studies conducted between 1946 and 1998 that use not the usual two, but three roots of patients. One assort receive appropriate medical treatment, one group received placebo treatment, and the third group received nothing. (The studies involved 7,500 patients with 40 different medical conditions, including high store pressure, high cholesterol levels, asthma, behavior disorders, such addictions as alcohol sophisticate and smoking, and such neurological diseases as Alzheimers Disease, Parkinsons Disease, epilepsy, as well as bacterial infections and the common cold (5). As Hrobjartsson and Gotzsche predicted, the patients in this third group improved as often as the patients in the placebo group (1). chirp Hart (2) cites Shapiro and Shapiro, who offer possible confounds that lead to overestimation of the placebo effect. Observations of the third simpleness group-the group with neither treatment, nor placebo-may have improved because of three mechanisms.